Milk Allergy or Lactose Intolerance: Know the Difference

Milk is a common part of many diets worldwide. In 2020, the US alone consumed 218 billion pounds of milk, while India and China consumed 178.6 billion and 83 billion pounds, respectively.

However, not everyone can enjoy dairy without digestive issues or allergic reactions.

Two commonly confused conditions related to milk consumption are milk allergy and lactose intolerance. Despite their similar-sounding names, they represent two distinct digestive problems, one more severe than the other.

In this article, you will understand the differences between milk allergy and lactose intolerance, their symptoms, risk factors, and how they are diagnosed. You will also learn the treatment options and strategies for managing these conditions.

Understanding Milk Allergy

Milk allergy is a true food allergy characterized by an immune response to specific proteins found in milk, most commonly cow's milk. Unlike lactose intolerance, which primarily affects the digestive system, milk allergy involves the immune system reacting to milk proteins as if they were harmful invaders.

Milk allergy can develop in infancy and childhood but may sometimes persist into adulthood. It is the most common food allergy in children and often presents early in life, affecting over 2% of children under three. However, many children outgrow milk allergies as they get older.

Let's take a closer look at the symptoms of milk allergy and the factors that increase the risk of developing it.

Symptoms of Milk Allergy

Milk allergy symptoms can range from mild to severe and may include:

• Stomach ache
• Nausea
• Diarrhea
• Skin rashes
• Swelling of the lips or throat
• Difficulty breathing

Severe milk allergy can cause anaphylaxis, a life-threatening reaction needing urgent medical attention.

Risk Factors for Milk Allergy

While milk allergy primarily affects children, there are certain risk factors associated with its development:

• Family history of allergies: Individuals with a family history of allergies, including food allergies, may be at a higher risk of developing milk allergies.
• Age: Milk allergy is most common in infancy and early childhood but can occur at any age.

Understanding Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance is a digestive issue arising from the body's inability to properly digest lactose, the sugar in milk and dairy products. This condition occurs when the enzyme lactase, responsible for breaking down lactose, is deficient. Without sufficient lactase, lactose remains undigested in the digestive tract, leading to uncomfortable symptoms.

Lactose intolerance is a common condition and typically develops over time. It can affect people of all ages and backgrounds. In the US, approximately 36% of the population experiences lactose intolerance, while globally, this condition impacts about 68% of people.

Now, let's find out the symptoms of lactose intolerance and its associated risk factors.

Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance symptoms usually manifest within 30 minutes to two hours after consuming dairy products. Common symptoms include:

• Stomach discomfort
• Gas
• Bloating
• Nausea
• Diarrhea

It is important to note that while these symptoms can be uncomfortable, they are not life-threatening. Lactose intolerance is primarily a digestive issue and does not involve the immune system.

Risk Factors for Lactose Intolerance

Lactose intolerance can be influenced by various factors, including genetics and ethnicity. Here are some key risk factors:

• Genetics: Some people are genetically predisposed to lactose intolerance, which may run in families.
• Ethnicity: Lactose intolerance is more prevalent among certain ethnic groups, such as African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans.
• Age: Lactose intolerance can worsen and is common among the elderly.

How to Differentiate Between Milk Allergy and Lactose Intolerance

Distinguishing between milk allergy and lactose intolerance can sometimes be challenging, as they share common symptoms, including gastrointestinal discomfort. However, there are key differences that can help in making an accurate diagnosis:

• Symptom Onset: Lactose intolerance symptoms typically appear within 30 minutes to two hours after consuming dairy products. In contrast, milk allergy symptoms can manifest within minutes or several hours after consumption.
• Severity of Symptoms: Milk allergy can result in more severe symptoms, including skin rashes, swelling, and difficulty breathing, which are not commonly associated with lactose intolerance.
• History of Dairy-Related Issues: A person's account of reactions to dairy products can provide valuable clues. Those with a long history of gastrointestinal discomfort related to dairy may be more likely to have lactose intolerance.
• Diagnostic Tests: If uncertain, healthcare professionals can conduct specific tests to differentiate between the two conditions. Tests may include hydrogen breath tests for lactose intolerance and allergy testing (skin or blood tests) for milk allergy.

Managing Milk Allergy and Lactose Intolerance

Managing milk allergy and lactose intolerance involves dietary changes and, in some cases, medical interventions. Here are some strategies for each condition:

Milk Allergy

Managing milk allergy involves several key strategies:

• Strict Avoidance: Avoiding milk allergy most effectively is avoiding all milk and dairy products. This includes scrutinizing food labels for hidden milk ingredients and being cautious when dining out.
• Allergy Action Plan: Individuals with a milk allergy should have an allergy action plan, which may include carrying an epinephrine auto-injector for emergencies.
• Alternative Formula: For infants with milk allergy, specialized hypoallergenic formulas are available, which are safe to consume and less likely to trigger allergic reactions.

Lactose Intolerance

Managing lactose intolerance involves implementing various strategies. Here are the critical approaches:

• Dietary Modifications: Most individuals with lactose intolerance can manage their condition by avoiding or limiting dairy products. Experiment with lactose-free or reduced-lactose dairy products like hard cheeses and yogurt.
• Lactase Supplements: Over-the-counter supplements can help the body digest lactose more effectively. Taking these supplements before consuming dairy products can alleviate symptoms for some people.
• Alternative Calcium Sources: To ensure adequate calcium intake, individuals with lactose intolerance can turn to non-dairy sources like green leafy vegetables, almonds, and calcium-fortified foods.

Final Words

Though both conditions can lead to digestive discomfort, a milk allergy entails a more severe immune response to milk proteins, whereas lactose intolerance results from the body's incapacity to digest lactose, the sugar in milk.

If you or someone you know experiences symptoms related to milk allergy or lactose intolerance, it is crucial to consult a healthcare professional for an accurate diagnosis and personalized guidance on managing the condition.

By adjusting to one's diet and adhering to medical advice, individuals with these conditions can maintain a healthy and balanced diet while avoiding discomfort and potential allergic reactions associated with milk consumption.

FAQs on Milk Allergy and Lactose Intolerance

Can you be allergic to milk but not dairy?

Yes, it's possible to be allergic to cow's milk but not other dairy. Around 2-3% of children under three are affected, but 80% outgrow it by age 16.

What happens if you ignore milk allergy?

Ignoring milk allergy may worsen symptoms, lower mood, and reduce quality of life. Chronic consumption may lead to complications like malnutrition and anemia —and could even lead to anaphylaxis.

Is milk allergy treatable?

Yes, there are treatment options. While not a cure, they can significantly reduce symptoms for both children and adults with milk allergies.

How can I test for milk allergy at home?

MilkCHECK is a rapid test detecting cow's milk protein allergy antibodies. It works similarly to a hospital lab, allowing you to test for allergies at home.

What is a milk allergy?

It is an immune response to specific proteins, most commonly cow's milk. It differs from lactose intolerance, a digestive issue related to the inability to digest lactose, the sugar in milk.

How does milk allergy differ from lactose intolerance?

Milk allergy involves an immune response to milk proteins, whereas lactose intolerance is primarily a digestive problem due to a deficiency of the enzyme lactase. The symptoms and causes of these conditions are distinct.

Is there a special formula for milk allergy?

Yes, specialized hypoallergenic formulas are designed for infants and individuals with milk allergies. These formulas are typically dairy-free and suitable for those who cannot tolerate regular milk-based formulas.

What are the treatments for milk allergy?

To manage milk allergy, strictly avoid milk and its products. In case of accidental exposure or severe reactions, use epinephrine and seek immediate medical help. Consult an allergist for personalized guidance.

What does a milk allergy rash look like?

A milk allergy rash varies in appearance but may present as hives (raised, itchy welts on the skin), eczema (dry, red, and itchy patches), or contact dermatitis (red, rash-like irritation).