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Frozen Shoulder: Causes & How to Treat It

Know the stages of a frozen shoulder and the best ways to find relief.
Woman with her hair in a bun with ice crystals on her shoulder.
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Last updated October 25, 2022

Frozen shoulder quiz

Take a quiz to find out if you have frozen shoulder.

Care Plan

1

First steps to consider

  • Most cases of frozen shoulder can be treated at home, but it’s helpful to see a provider to get an accurate diagnosis.
  • You can treat pain and stiffness yourself by taking ibuprofen (Advil) and doing gentle stretching.
See home treatments
2

When you may need a provider

  • See a healthcare provider to get an accurate diagnosis.
  • See a shoulder specialist if symptoms don’t improve after 3–4 months.
  • You may need physical therapy to help gently stretch your shoulder.
See care providers

Emergency Care

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Call 911 or go to the ER if you have any of the following symptoms:

  • Sudden weakness in the arm
  • Signs of a stroke like facial drooping or problems speaking

Frozen shoulder quiz

Take a quiz to find out if you have frozen shoulder.

Take frozen shoulder quiz

What is frozen shoulder?

Dr. Rx

Frozen shoulder usually comes on slowly and goes through a series of three stages:  the freezing stage, the frozen stage, and the thawing stage.  During the freezing stage, moving the shoulder becomes painful and range of motion starts to decrease.  In the frozen stage, pain is usually less, but stiffness is worse.  Finally, in the thawing stage, range of motion slowly begins to improve. —Dr. Ben Schwartz

Adhesive capsulitis—better known as “frozen shoulder”—makes your shoulder joint stiff and very painful. The tissue in the shoulder joint thickens, causing it to tighten up.

It progressively gets worse so that you can barely move your arm. But over the course of 1-3 years, frozen shoulder eventually gets better on its own.

At first, symptoms of frozen shoulder are similar to other shoulder injuries. You should see your primary care doctor if you have pain or stiffness in your shoulder.

Frozen shoulder symptoms

People with frozen shoulder usually go through three phases. You can be in more than one stage at once.

1. Freezing (painful) shoulder (2 to 9 months)

The first symptom is usually severe pain in the shoulder. This typically starts right after an injury. It may be hard to pinpoint where the pain is coming from. The pain is usually worse at night and over-the-counter pain relievers don’t help very much.

2. Frozen (stiff) shoulder (4 to 6 months)

After a few months, the pain starts to get better. But the shoulder becomes stiffer, or “frozen.” When you try to move your shoulder, you don’t have your normal, full range of motion. For exampe, you can’t reach as far back to throw a ball or lift your arms all the way over your head. It might not feel this way all the time. Movement becomes more limited until you have trouble with simple tasks like putting on a jacket, reaching for something, or lifting your arms at all.

3. Thawing (recovery) shoulder (6 to 24 months)

All of your symptoms suddenly, but slowly, begin to improve. It’ll take 6 months to 3 years for it to fully “thaw.”

At first, symptoms of frozen shoulder are similar to other shoulder injuries. You should see your primary care doctor if you feel any of the above symptoms.

Frozen shoulder quiz

Take a quiz to find out if you have frozen shoulder.

Take frozen shoulder quiz

What is the main cause of frozen shoulder?

The shoulder is a “ball and socket” joint. Like cupping one hand around your other fist. The rounded arm bone rests in a nook formed by the curved bones of the shoulder. Your body also makes lubrication, called synovial fluid. It sits between the two bones to keep the arm moving smoothly.

We don't know exactly why frozen shoulder happens. But most experts think it's either from scar tissue forming in the shoulder or inflammation in the shoulder.

Either way, this forces the tissue around the shoulder joint to get thicker and tighter. There's less room for movement and less lubrication. So movement becomes stiff and painful.

Pro Tip

The shoulder joint normally provides some of the greatest range of motion of any joint in the human body.  This allows our arm to go in many different positions to perform typical activities of daily living such as reaching overhead, putting on clothes, brushing our teeth, and washing our hair. —Dr. Schwartz

You’re more likely to have frozen shoulder

Roughly 2% to 5% of people will have frozen shoulder at some point in their life. The cause is unknown. But certain circumstances and diseases can increase your risk.

  • Being in your ‘50s and ‘60s
  • Being female
  • Type 1 diabetes (up to 1/3 of people with Type 1 diabetes will develop frozen shoulder)
  • Other illnesses, including autoimmune diseases, hypo- or hyperthyroidism, heart disease, pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, and Parkinson’s disease
  • Having a stroke or an injury that keeps you from using your shoulder for a long period of time.
  • A previous frozen shoulder in one arm makes you more likely to develop it in the other arm.

Can frozen shoulder go away on its own?

Pro Tip

A “frozen shoulder,” can cause a dramatic decrease in shoulder motion.  Even more frustrating, symptoms can come on without warning and take up to 2 to 3 years to resolve.  Though most cases improve within 12 to 18 months. —Dr. Schwartz

Frozen shoulder does usually heal on its own, with physical therapy and treating the symptoms. But it could take from 1 to 3 years.

Frozen shoulder quiz

Take a quiz to find out if you have frozen shoulder.

Take frozen shoulder quiz

What is the best treatment for frozen shoulder?

Your doctor will give you a physical exam. They might send you to an orthopedist for testing, such as an x-ray, ultrasound, or MRI, to diagnose and treat the problem.

Frozen shoulder is usually treated with:

  • Pain medications like acetaminophen and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can be tried during the initial painful freezing phase, but they may not provide much relief.
  • Ongoing exercise therapy with a physical therapist. This starts with daily gentle exercises to increase range of motion. The exercises get more intense as pain gets better.
  • Getting a steroid injection into the shoulder to help unfreeze the shoulder and to relieve pain.
  • Lubricating the joint (called distension) with saline injections into the shoulder to help with movement.

In rare cases, when treatments don’t work after 12-18 months, your doctor might try shoulder manipulation. This is typically performed while you’re under general anesthesia. The doctor will move the arm at the shoulder joint with his hands. This helps break up scar tissue and loosen the stiff joint.

Or your doctor might suggest surgery. This should help remove any scar tissue that’s keeping your shoulder from moving. Surgery is rare, though.

In many people, frozen shoulder gets better on its own. However, it can take up to 3 years for a shoulder to recover. It is not uncommon to have some continued tightness or soreness in the shoulder. In some patients, this can be permanent although it usually does not limit their activities.

Follow up regularly with your doctor or orthopedist. Do the recommended exercises. This will make your shoulder’s mobility and strength better.

Ready to treat your frozen shoulder?

We show you only the best treatments for your condition and symptoms—all vetted by our medical team. And when you’re not sure what’s wrong, Buoy can guide you in the right direction.See all treatment options
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Prevention

If your shoulder or arm is injured and you can’t move it for a while, or you have had a stroke and your arm is immobile, talk to your doctor. They can recommend physical therapy exercises to keep your shoulders active.

Hear what 1 other is saying
Once your story receives approval from our editors, it will exist on Buoy as a helpful resource for others who may experience something similar.
The stories shared below are not written by Buoy employees. Buoy does not endorse any of the information in these stories. Whenever you have questions or concerns about a medical condition, you should always contact your doctor or a healthcare provider.
Just painPosted July 21, 2021 by R.
A few weeks ago I began to have pain in my left arm. I didn't recall doing anything to cause this pain. Old age I thought. I am 74. I visited my Dr. who requested an X-ray and made an appointment for physical therapy. She said I most likely have "frozen shoulder." The pain didn't feel as if it were in the shoulder socket. It felt more like deep tissue pain, as if I had pulled something. As you can see, I have done a little research. I am going for an X-ray and have made an appointment for my first therapy session. If you have more knowledge than me about a subject, I'm listening to you. I will follow Dr's orders and hope for the best outcome.
Dr. Schwartz is a board-certified Orthopedic Surgeon and Member of the Buoy Medical Advisory Board. He graduated Magna Cum Laude from the College of William and Mary (1998) with a B.S. in Biology, then obtained his medical degree from the Medical College of Virginia (2002) where he was elected to the Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society. After completing his Orthopedic Surgery Residency at Bost...
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