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What Is the Cost of Treating Fibular Nerve Injuries?

Fibular nerve injury can be a painful and debilitating condition, often leaving patients concerned about both their recovery and the potential costs involved in treatment. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify the process of treating fibular nerve injury, with a particular focus on the associated expenses. Throughout this article, you'll learn about the different severity levels of fibular nerve injury, the various diagnostic methods and their costs, and the range of treatment options available – from over-the-counter remedies to surgical interventions. We'll explore prescription medications, imaging tests, and therapeutic procedures, providing cost estimates and time frames for each. Additionally, we'll offer strategies for optimizing your treatment plan based on cost, efficiency, or a balance of both factors. Whether you're dealing with a mild case or a more severe injury, this article will equip you with the knowledge to make informed decisions about your care while managing expenses effectively.
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Written by Andrew Le, MD.
Medically reviewed by
Last updated August 28, 2024

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Severity Levels of Fibular Nerve Injury

Fibular nerve injuries can vary significantly in severity, affecting both the treatment approach and associated costs. Understanding these severity levels is crucial for patients and healthcare providers to determine the most appropriate and cost-effective course of action.

Mild Injury (Neuropraxia)

  • Symptoms and risk factors: Temporary numbness or weakness in the foot or leg, often caused by prolonged pressure on the nerve
  • Diagnosis: Self-assessment or virtual doctor consultation
  • Imaging/labs: Generally not required
  • Treatments: Rest, physical therapy, over-the-counter pain medication

Mild fibular nerve injuries are often the result of temporary compression and can often be managed with conservative treatments. The cost of treating these injuries is typically low, as they may not require extensive medical intervention.

Moderate Injury (Axonotmesis)

  • Symptoms and risk factors: More pronounced weakness, numbness, and potential foot drop; often caused by trauma or severe compression
  • Diagnosis: In-person doctor visit
  • Imaging/labs: Electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies
  • Treatments: Physical therapy, bracing, prescription medications

Moderate injuries require more comprehensive medical attention and may involve higher costs due to the need for specialized testing and ongoing treatment. However, surgery is often not necessary, which helps keep costs lower than severe cases.

Severe Injury (Neurotmesis)

  • Symptoms and risk factors: Complete loss of motor and sensory function below the injury site; usually caused by severe trauma or deep lacerations
  • Diagnosis: Emergency room visit
  • Imaging/labs: MRI, EMG, nerve conduction studies
  • Treatments: Surgery, extensive physical therapy, prescription medications

Severe fibular nerve injuries represent the highest cost category due to the need for immediate medical attention, advanced imaging, surgical intervention, and extended rehabilitation. The recovery process can be lengthy, contributing to higher overall treatment costs.

Summary Table: Severity

Severity LevelCharacteristicsDiagnosisLabs/ImagingTreatment
Mild (Neuropraxia)Temporary numbness or weaknessSelf-assessment or virtual consultationGenerally not requiredRest, physical therapy, OTC pain medication
Moderate (Axonotmesis)Pronounced weakness, potential foot dropIn-person doctor visitEMG, nerve conduction studiesPhysical therapy, bracing, prescription medications
Severe (Neurotmesis)Complete loss of motor and sensory functionEmergency room visitMRI, EMG, nerve conduction studiesSurgery, extensive physical therapy, prescription medications

Understanding these severity levels helps patients and healthcare providers make informed decisions about treatment approaches, balancing the need for effective care with cost considerations.

Getting a Diagnosis

When it comes to diagnosing a fibular nerve injury, there are several options available, each with varying costs and efficiency. The appropriate choice depends on the severity of your symptoms and your personal circumstances. Let's explore these options in detail:

Self-assessment

  • Cost: $0
  • Time: Immediate
  • Appropriate for: Mild symptoms or initial assessment
  • Process: You can perform a basic self-assessment by checking for symptoms such as numbness or weakness in the foot or leg. While this is free and immediate, it's not a substitute for professional medical advice, especially if symptoms persist or worsen.

Virtual doctor consultation

Virtual consultations have become increasingly popular due to their convenience and accessibility. Here are some options:

  1. Teladoc
    • Cost with insurance: $0-$119 per visit (depending on insurance and visit type)
    • Cost without insurance: $89-$299 per visit (depending on visit type)
    • Time: 15-30 minutes, often with same-day availability
  2. MDLive
    • Cost with insurance: $0-$284 (depending on insurance and visit type)
    • Cost without insurance: $82-$284 (depending on visit type)
    • Time: 15-30 minutes, often with same-day availability
  3. OptimalMD
    • Cost: Free with OptimalMD membership ($47/month for the entire family)
    • Time: Similar to other virtual consultation services

Virtual consultations are suitable for mild to moderate symptoms and can provide quick, professional advice on whether further in-person evaluation is necessary.

In-person doctor visit

For more severe symptoms or when physical examination is necessary, an in-person visit might be required.

  1. One Medical
    • Cost: Varies based on insurance coverage and visit complexity
    • Time: 30-60 minutes, typically within 1-2 weeks
  2. Local Primary Care Physician
    • Cost: Varies widely based on location and insurance. Without insurance, expect to pay $100-$200 for a basic visit.
    • Time: 30-60 minutes, wait times can vary from same-day to several weeks
  3. OptimalMD
    • While primarily a virtual service, OptimalMD can refer you to in-person care when necessary
    • Cost: Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership
    • Time: Varies based on local availability

In-person visits are appropriate for moderate to severe symptoms, or when virtual consultations suggest the need for physical examination.

Emergency room visit

For severe symptoms or sudden onset of significant weakness or numbness, an emergency room visit may be necessary.

  • Cost: Highly variable, typically $1000-$2000 without insurance. With insurance, you may be responsible for a copay (often $50-$200) or coinsurance.
  • Time: Several hours, but with immediate availability
  • Note: OptimalMD membership does not cover emergency room visits, but their virtual urgent care can help you determine if an ER visit is necessary.

Emergency room visits are appropriate for severe symptoms, especially if they occur suddenly or are accompanied by other concerning symptoms.

Summary Table: Assessment

ModalityAppropriate SeverityPrice without InsurancePrice with InsuranceEfficiency
Self-assessmentMild$0$0Immediate
Virtual consultation (Teladoc)Mild to Moderate$89-$299$0-$11915-30 min, same-day
Virtual consultation (MDLive)Mild to Moderate$82-$284$0-$28415-30 min, same-day
Virtual consultation (OptimalMD)Mild to Moderate$47/month (membership)$47/month (membership)Similar to other virtual services
In-person visit (One Medical)Moderate to SevereVariesVaries30-60 min, 1-2 weeks wait

Remember, the most appropriate option depends on the severity of your symptoms and your individual circumstances. Always seek immediate medical attention for severe or rapidly worsening symptoms.

Imaging and Laboratory Tests

Imaging and laboratory tests play a crucial role in diagnosing and assessing the severity of fibular nerve injuries. The choice of tests depends on the suspected severity of the injury and the recommendation of your healthcare provider. Here are the common tests used for fibular nerve injuries, along with their costs and time estimates:

Electromyography (EMG)

Electromyography is a diagnostic procedure used to assess the health of muscles and the nerve cells that control them. It's particularly useful for moderate to severe fibular nerve injuries.

  • Cost:
    • With insurance: Varies based on your plan, typically $50-$200 copay
    • Without insurance: $200-$2,000 depending on the complexity of the test
    • Free with OptimalMD membership
  • Time: 30-60 minutes for the procedure, results usually available within 1-2 days
  • Providers: LabCorp, Quest Diagnostics, local hospitals, and neurologist offices

Nerve Conduction Studies

Nerve conduction studies are often performed alongside EMG to assess nerve function and are useful for all severity levels of fibular nerve injury.

  • Cost:
    • With insurance: Typically $50-$200 copay
    • Without insurance: $150-$500 per extremity
    • Free with OptimalMD membership
  • Time: 30-60 minutes for the procedure, results usually available within 1-2 days
  • Providers: Mayo Clinic, Cleveland Clinic, local hospitals, and neurologist offices

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

MRI is particularly useful for severe fibular nerve injuries or when surgical intervention is being considered.

  • Cost:
    • With insurance: Typically $200-$500 copay
    • Without insurance: $650-$2,500 depending on the body part and facility
    • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership
  • Time: 30-60 minutes for the procedure, results usually available within 1-3 days
  • Providers: RadNet, SimonMed Imaging, hospital radiology departments

For all these imaging and laboratory tests, it's important to note that costs can vary significantly depending on your location, the specific facility, and your insurance coverage. Always check with your insurance provider and the medical facility beforehand to get a more accurate estimate of your out-of-pocket costs.

If you're an OptimalMD member, you can access these services either for free or at heavily discounted rates, which can result in significant savings, especially for those requiring multiple tests or ongoing care.

Here's a summary table of the imaging and laboratory tests for fibular nerve injury:

Summary Table: Diagnostics

ModalityAppropriate Severity Level(s)Price without InsurancePrice with InsuranceEfficiency
EMGModerate to Severe$200-$2,000$50-$200 copayResults in 1-2 days
Nerve Conduction StudiesAll levels$150-$500 per extremity$50-$200 copayResults in 1-2 days
MRISevere$650-$2,500$200-$500 copayResults in 1-3 days

Note: All tests are either free or heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership ($47/month for the entire family).

Prescription Medications

Prescription medications play a crucial role in managing pain and inflammation associated with fibular nerve injury. The choice of medication depends on the severity of the injury and the patient's individual needs. Here, we'll explore two main categories of prescription medications used in treating fibular nerve injury: pain medications and anti-inflammatory medications.

Pain Medications

1. Gabapentin (generic)

  • Appropriate for: Moderate to severe nerve pain
  • Suppliers and Pricing:
    • Walmart: $10 for 30 capsules (300mg)
    • CVS: $7.70 for 30 capsules (300mg)
    • Average cash price: $78 for 90 capsules (300mg)
  • Insurance coverage: Copay typically ranges from $0 to $30 for a 30-day supply
  • Discount options:
    • GoodRx offers discounts up to 80% off
    • Free with OptimalMD membership
  • Efficiency: Onset of action within 1-2 weeks, with full effect in 3-4 weeks

2. Pregabalin (Lyrica - brand name)

  • Appropriate for: Moderate to severe nerve pain
  • Suppliers and Pricing:
    • Retail price: $437.31 for 60 capsules (75mg)
    • With discounts: As low as $17.38 using GoodRx coupon
  • Insurance coverage: Typically covered, with copay varying by plan
  • Discount options:
    • SingleCare discount card: $8.13 for 60 capsules (75mg)
    • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership
  • Efficiency: May provide relief within a week, with optimal effect in 2-4 weeks

Anti-inflammatory Medications

1. Naproxen (generic)

  • Appropriate for: Mild to moderate pain and inflammation
  • Suppliers and Pricing:
    • Walgreens: $11 for 4 tablets (500mg)
    • CVS: $69.21 for 60 tablets (500mg) without insurance
  • Insurance coverage: Often covered with a low copay
  • Discount options:
    • SingleCare discount card: $4.52 for 60 tablets (500mg)
    • Free with OptimalMD membership
  • Efficiency: Pain relief within 1-2 hours, anti-inflammatory effect builds over several days

2. Celecoxib (Celebrex - brand name)

  • Appropriate for: Moderate to severe pain and inflammation
  • Suppliers and Pricing:
    • Generic: $8.81 for 30 capsules (200mg) with SingleCare coupon, $217.07 without insurance
    • Brand name: $305.02 for 60 capsules (200mg)
  • Insurance coverage: Often covered, but may require prior authorization
  • Discount options:
    • GoodRx offers discounts up to 70% off
    • Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership
  • Efficiency: Pain relief within 24-48 hours, full anti-inflammatory effect in 1-2 weeks

It's important to note that the effectiveness and side effects of these medications can vary from person to person. Always consult with your healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate medication and dosage for your specific condition.

For patients looking to optimize their treatment costs, OptimalMD offers a compelling option at $47 per month for the entire family. This membership includes free virtual urgent care consultations, access to over 800 generic medications at no additional cost, and heavily discounted labs, procedures, and imaging. This can be particularly beneficial for patients requiring ongoing medication management or multiple services related to their fibular nerve injury treatment.

Summary Table: Prescription Medications

MedicationSeverity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
GabapentinModerate to Severe$78 for 90 capsules (300mg)$0-$30 copay for 30-day supply3-4 weeks for full effect
Pregabalin (Lyrica)Moderate to Severe$437.31 for 60 capsules (75mg)Varies by plan2-4 weeks for optimal effect
NaproxenMild to Moderate$69.21 for 60 tablets (500mg)Low copay1-2 hours for pain relief
Celecoxib (Celebrex)Moderate to Severe$217.07 for 30 capsules (200mg)Varies by plan24-48 hours for pain relief

Note: All medications listed are available for free or at a heavily discounted price with OptimalMD membership ($47/month for the entire family).

Over-the-Counter Treatments

Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments can be an effective and affordable option for managing mild to moderate fibular nerve injury symptoms. These treatments are readily available without a prescription and can provide quick relief. Let's explore the two main categories: pain relievers and topical treatments.

Pain relievers

Pain relievers are often the first line of defense against fibular nerve injury discomfort. Common options include:

  1. Ibuprofen (e.g., Advil, Motrin)

The national average price for ibuprofen is approximately $0.15 per unit. Here are some specific examples:

  • CVS Pharmacy: $0.179 per unit
  • Walmart: $0.085 per unit (lowest price option)
  • Walgreens: $0.08 per unit (lowest price option)
  1. Acetaminophen (e.g., Tylenol)

The national average price for acetaminophen tablets is approximately $0.20 per unit. Here are some specific examples:

  • GoodRx coupon price: $0.08 per unit (extra strength tablets)
  • Average pharmacy price: $0.17 per unit (500 mg tablets)

Topical treatments

Topical treatments can provide localized relief for fibular nerve injury symptoms. Common options include:

  1. Menthol creams (e.g., Biofreeze, Icy Hot)

The national average price for menthol cream is approximately $0.60 per ounce. Here are some specific examples:

  • Amazon: $18.57 per ounce (Tiger Balm Ultra Strength)
  • Walmart: $0.99 per ounce (Equate Pain Relieving Cream)
  • School Nurse Supply: $1.55 per ounce (generic menthol pain relief cream)
  1. Lidocaine patches

The national average price for over-the-counter lidocaine patches is approximately $1.60 per patch. Here are some specific examples:

  • Curist: $0.90 per patch
  • CVS Health: $2.30 per patch

It's important to note that prices for over-the-counter treatments can vary significantly depending on the retailer, location, and any available discounts or coupons. Insurance typically does not cover OTC medications, but some flexible spending accounts (FSAs) or health savings accounts (HSAs) may allow you to use pre-tax dollars for these purchases.

When it comes to efficiency, both pain relievers and topical treatments can provide relatively quick relief:

  • Oral pain relievers like ibuprofen and acetaminophen typically start working within 20-30 minutes of ingestion.
  • Topical treatments like menthol creams and lidocaine patches usually provide relief within 15-30 minutes of application.

The choice between these options often depends on personal preference, the specific symptoms experienced, and any contraindications based on an individual's health status or other medications they may be taking.

Summary Table: OTCs

ModalityAppropriate Severity Level(s)Price Without Insurance (Average)Price With InsuranceEfficiency
IbuprofenMild to Moderate$0.15 per unitNot typically covered20-30 minutes
AcetaminophenMild to Moderate$0.20 per unitNot typically covered20-30 minutes
Menthol CreamMild to Moderate$0.60 per ounceNot typically covered15-30 minutes
Lidocaine PatchesMild to Moderate$1.60 per patchNot typically covered15-30 minutes

Remember to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment regimen, even with over-the-counter options, to ensure it's appropriate for your specific condition and doesn't interact with any other medications you may be taking.

Procedures

Procedures play a crucial role in the treatment of fibular nerve injury, especially for moderate to severe cases. The main procedures involved are physical therapy, bracing, and surgery. Let's explore each of these options in detail, including their costs and efficiency.

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is often the first line of treatment for fibular nerve injuries of all severity levels. It helps improve strength, flexibility, and overall function of the affected area.

  • National Average: $30 - $400 per session
    • With insurance: $20 - $60 per session
    • Without insurance: $50 - $155 per session

Let's look at some specific providers:

  • FYZICAL Therapy & Balance Centers:
    • With insurance: Varies based on plan, typically $20 - $60 per session
    • Without insurance: $85 per session (self-pay rate)
    • Discounted private pay rates available
  • ATI Physical Therapy:
    • Without insurance: $120 per hour
    • With insurance: Varies based on plan, typically $20 - $60 per session

Physical therapy typically involves 2-3 sessions per week for 4-6 weeks, though this can vary based on the severity of the injury and individual progress.

Bracing

Bracing is often recommended for moderate fibular nerve injuries to support the affected area and promote healing.

The national average cost for an Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO) brace ranges from $60 to $1,053, depending on whether it's off-the-shelf or custom-made. With insurance, patients typically pay 10-50% of the total cost, depending on their plan.

Let's look at a specific provider:

  • BraceLab:
    • Push ortho Ankle Foot Orthosis (AFO): $319.99
    • With insurance: Varies based on plan, typically 10-50% of total cost

The process of getting fitted for a brace usually takes about 1-2 hours, and the brace is typically ready for use within 1-2 weeks.

Surgery

For severe fibular nerve injuries, surgery may be necessary to repair the damaged nerve.

The national average cost for fibular nerve decompression surgery ranges from $3,782 to $5,705. However, this can vary significantly depending on the location, facility, and complexity of the procedure. With insurance, patients typically pay 10-30% of the total cost, depending on their plan.

For specific providers like Mayo Clinic and UCLA Health, it's best to contact their patient estimating services directly for accurate pricing, as costs can vary based on individual circumstances and insurance coverage.

The surgery typically takes 1-3 hours, with a hospital stay of 1-2 days. Full recovery can take several weeks to months, depending on the severity of the injury and individual factors.

Summary Table: Procedures

ModalitySeverity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
Physical TherapyAll levels$50 - $155 per session$20 - $60 per session2-3 sessions/week for 4-6 weeks
Bracing (AFO)Moderate$60 - $1,05310-50% of total cost1-2 hours fitting, 1-2 weeks for brace
SurgerySevere$3,782 - $5,70510-30% of total cost1-3 hours surgery, weeks to months recovery

This table provides a quick overview of the different procedures, their appropriate severity levels, estimated costs with and without insurance, and efficiency in terms of time investment. Keep in mind that these are general estimates, and actual costs and timelines may vary based on individual circumstances and specific healthcare providers.

Optimizing for Cost

When seeking treatment for fibular nerve injury, cost optimization is crucial for many patients. Here are cost-effective strategies for each severity level:

Mild Injury (Neuropraxia)

  • Self-assessment using online resources
  • Virtual doctor consultation for confirmation
  • Over-the-counter pain medications (generic brands)
  • Self-administered physical therapy exercises (guided by online resources)

Moderate Injury (Axonotmesis)

  • In-person doctor visit at a general practitioner rather than a specialist
  • Opt for EMG over MRI if only one test is recommended
  • Generic prescription medications
  • Combination of professional physical therapy and home exercises

Severe Injury (Neurotmesis)

  • Seek care at an in-network hospital to reduce emergency room costs
  • Negotiate cash prices for imaging studies
  • Compare surgical options and consider outpatient procedures when possible
  • Utilize generic medications for post-operative care

General Cost-Saving Tips

  • Always ask for generic medication options
  • Inquire about cash prices for procedures and tests
  • Utilize telemedicine for follow-up appointments when possible
  • Check if your insurance offers any wellness programs or discounts for physical therapy

By implementing these strategies, patients can significantly reduce the overall cost of treating fibular nerve injury without compromising on the quality of care. Remember, it's always important to discuss these options with your healthcare provider to ensure they align with your specific medical needs.

Optimizing for Efficiency

When time is of the essence in treating fibular nerve injury, efficiency becomes the primary focus. Here are strategies for maximizing treatment speed for each severity level:

Mild Injury (Neuropraxia)

  1. Utilize telemedicine for immediate diagnosis
  2. Start over-the-counter pain management immediately
  3. Begin at-home exercises recommended by a virtual physical therapist

Moderate Injury (Axonotmesis)

  1. Schedule same-day in-person doctor visit
  2. Arrange for EMG and nerve conduction studies within 24-48 hours
  3. Start prescription medications immediately after diagnosis
  4. Begin intensive physical therapy within the first week

Severe Injury (Neurotmesis)

  1. Seek immediate emergency room care
  2. Push for expedited MRI and EMG testing, potentially same-day
  3. Consult with a neurologist or neurosurgeon within 24-48 hours
  4. Schedule surgery as soon as possible, ideally within the first week
  5. Begin pre-surgical physical therapy immediately

General Efficiency Tips

  • Opt for electronic prescriptions to avoid pharmacy wait times
  • Choose healthcare providers with integrated diagnostic services
  • Utilize patient portals for quick communication and results access
  • Consider concierge medical services for faster appointment scheduling

By prioritizing speed at every stage of treatment, patients can potentially improve outcomes and reduce long-term complications associated with fibular nerve injuries. However, it's important to note that the most efficient approach may not always be the most cost-effective or medically optimal for every patient's situation.

Balancing Cost and Efficiency

When treating fibular nerve injury, finding the right balance between cost-effectiveness and timely care is crucial. Here's a breakdown of balanced approaches for each severity level:

Mild Injury (Neuropraxia)

  1. Diagnosis: Start with a virtual doctor consultation
    • Cost-effective and quicker than an in-person visit
    • Allows for professional assessment without high ER costs
  2. Treatment:
    • Begin with over-the-counter pain relievers and rest
    • If symptoms persist, schedule physical therapy sessions
    • Use generic medications when possible to reduce costs

Moderate Injury (Axonotmesis)

  1. Diagnosis: Schedule an in-person doctor visit
    • More thorough than virtual, but less expensive than ER
    • Request EMG and nerve conduction studies during the same visit to save time
  2. Treatment:
    • Combine prescribed medications (generic when available) with physical therapy
    • Invest in a brace for support, which can expedite recovery and prevent further injury

Severe Injury (Neurotmesis)

  1. Diagnosis: Visit the ER for immediate assessment
    • Higher upfront cost, but crucial for severe cases
    • Insist on same-day imaging to expedite treatment planning
  2. Treatment:
    • If surgery is necessary, discuss outpatient options to reduce hospital stay costs
    • Commit to a rigorous physical therapy regimen post-surgery to optimize recovery time
    • Utilize a mix of prescription and over-the-counter pain management to balance cost and effectiveness

General Cost-Efficiency Tips

  • Always inquire about generic medication options
  • Check if your insurance offers telemedicine services at reduced costs
  • Consider booking multiple physical therapy sessions in advance for potential discounts
  • Explore local support groups or online resources for cost-effective coping strategies

By carefully considering both cost and time factors, patients can achieve optimal treatment outcomes for fibular nerve injury while managing expenses and minimizing disruption to daily life.

Conclusion

Treating fibular nerve injury can vary significantly in cost and time depending on the severity of the condition and the chosen treatment approach. This article has provided a comprehensive overview of the various aspects of fibular nerve injury treatment, including diagnosis, testing, and treatment options.

Key takeaways:

  1. The severity of fibular nerve injury greatly influences the treatment path and associated costs.
  2. Early diagnosis and intervention can often lead to more cost-effective and efficient treatment outcomes.
  3. A range of diagnostic options exists, from self-assessment to emergency room visits, each with different cost and time implications.
  4. Imaging and laboratory tests play a crucial role in accurate diagnosis but can significantly impact overall treatment costs.
  5. Both prescription and over-the-counter medications are available for symptom management, with generic options often providing more affordable alternatives.
  6. Physical therapy and bracing are common non-invasive treatments, while surgery may be necessary for severe cases.
  7. Balancing cost and efficiency in treatment often involves a combination of approaches tailored to the individual's specific condition and circumstances.

Ultimately, the most effective approach to treating fibular nerve injury involves working closely with healthcare providers to develop a personalized treatment plan. This plan should take into account the severity of the injury, the patient's overall health, and their financial considerations. By understanding the various treatment options and their associated costs, patients can make informed decisions about their care and work towards optimal recovery while managing expenses effectively.

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Jeff brings to Buoy over 20 years of clinical experience as a physician assistant in urgent care and internal medicine. He also has extensive experience in healthcare administration, most recently as developer and director of an urgent care center. While completing his doctorate in Health Sciences at A.T. Still University, Jeff studied population health, healthcare systems, and evidence-based medi...
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