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What is the cost of treating rotator cuff tendonitis?

Rotator cuff tendonitis is a common shoulder condition that can significantly impact daily life, but understanding the costs associated with its treatment can be overwhelming. This comprehensive guide aims to demystify the expenses related to diagnosing and treating rotator cuff tendonitis at various severity levels. We'll explore different diagnostic methods, imaging tests, medications, and procedures, providing cost estimates and time frames for each option. Whether you're dealing with mild discomfort or severe pain, this article will help you navigate the financial aspects of your treatment journey. By the end, you'll have a clear understanding of how to balance cost-effectiveness and efficiency in your rotator cuff tendonitis care, empowering you to make informed decisions about your health and your wallet.
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Written by Andrew Le, MD.
Medically reviewed by
Last updated August 15, 2024

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Severity Levels of Rotator Cuff Tendonitis

Rotator cuff tendonitis can vary in severity, affecting both the symptoms experienced and the recommended treatment approach. Understanding these severity levels can help patients and healthcare providers determine the most appropriate course of action.

Mild Tendonitis

Mild rotator cuff tendonitis is often the initial stage of the condition and can often be managed with conservative treatments.

  • Symptoms: Mild pain, slight weakness in the affected shoulder
  • Risk factors: Repetitive overhead activities, such as painting or playing tennis
  • Diagnosis: Often self-diagnosed or through virtual doctor consultation
  • Imaging/Labs: Usually not necessary at this stage
  • Treatments: Rest, ice application, over-the-counter pain relievers, and gentle stretching exercises

Moderate Tendonitis

As the condition progresses or if left untreated, mild tendonitis can develop into moderate tendonitis, requiring more intensive interventions.

  • Symptoms: Moderate pain, noticeable weakness, limited range of motion in the shoulder
  • Risk factors: Prolonged overuse, age-related degeneration of the rotator cuff tendons
  • Diagnosis: Typically requires an in-person doctor visit for proper assessment
  • Imaging/Labs: X-ray to rule out other conditions, possible ultrasound for soft tissue evaluation
  • Treatments: Physical therapy, prescription medications (NSAIDs or muscle relaxants), and possibly corticosteroid injections

Severe Tendonitis

Severe rotator cuff tendonitis represents the most advanced stage of the condition, often requiring more aggressive treatment approaches.

  • Symptoms: Severe pain, significant weakness, greatly reduced range of motion in the shoulder
  • Risk factors: Acute injury, chronic overuse, advanced age leading to tendon degeneration
  • Diagnosis: In-person doctor visit, often with referral to an orthopedic specialist
  • Imaging/Labs: MRI to assess the extent of tendon damage and rule out tears
  • Treatments: Intensive physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, and possible surgical intervention if conservative treatments fail

Summary Table: Severity Levels

Severity LevelCharacteristicsDiagnosisLabs/ImagingTreatment
MildMild pain, slight weaknessSelf-diagnosis or virtual consultationUsually noneRest, ice, OTC pain relievers
ModerateModerate pain, weakness, limited range of motionIn-person doctor visitX-ray, possible ultrasoundPhysical therapy, prescription medications, possible corticosteroid injections
SevereSevere pain, significant weakness, greatly reduced range of motionIn-person doctor visit, specialist referralMRIIntensive physical therapy, corticosteroid injections, possible surgery

Understanding these severity levels can help guide patients and healthcare providers in choosing the most appropriate and cost-effective treatment approach for rotator cuff tendonitis.

Getting a Diagnosis

When it comes to diagnosing rotator cuff tendonitis, there are several options available, each with varying costs and time commitments. Let's explore these options in detail:

Self-diagnosis

Self-diagnosis is the most cost-effective option, but it's only recommended for mild cases and comes with risks of misdiagnosis.

  • Cost: $0
  • Time: Immediate
  • Appropriate for: Mild symptoms only

Virtual doctor consultation

Virtual consultations have become increasingly popular, offering convenience and cost-effectiveness. Here are some options:

  1. Teladoc
    • Cost: $89 per visit without insurance, $0-$99 with insurance (depending on your plan)
    • Time: Same-day or next-day appointment, 15-30 minutes
  2. MDLive
    • Cost: $82 per visit without insurance, $0-$82 with insurance (depending on your plan)
    • Time: Same-day or next-day appointment, 15-30 minutes
  3. OptimalMD
    • Cost: Free with OptimalMD membership ($47 per month for the entire family)
    • Time: Same-day or next-day appointment, 15-30 minutes

Virtual consultations are appropriate for mild to moderate symptoms and can provide quick, cost-effective care.

In-person doctor visit

For more severe cases or when hands-on examination is necessary, an in-person visit might be required. Here are some options:

  1. Primary Care Physician (PCP)
    • Cost: $171 on average without insurance, copay varies with insurance (typically $15-$25)
    • Time: 1-3 days for appointment, 30-60 minutes for the visit
  2. Urgent Care Center
    • Cost: $258 on average without insurance, $150-$300 with insurance
    • Time: Same-day service, 30-60 minutes for the visit
  3. OptimalMD In-Person Referral
    • Cost: Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership
    • Time: Varies based on provider availability

In-person visits are appropriate for all severity levels but are especially important for moderate to severe cases.

Emergency room visit

For severe, acute injuries or unbearable pain, an emergency room visit might be necessary.

  • Cost: $2,715 on average without insurance, copay with insurance typically $50-$250
  • Time: Several hours, immediate attention

Emergency room visits are only appropriate for severe, acute injuries or when pain is unbearable and no other options are available.

Summary Table: Assessment Options

ModalityAppropriate Severity Level(s)Price Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
Self-diagnosisMild$0$0Immediate
Teladoc Virtual ConsultationMild to Moderate$89$0-$99Same-day or next-day, 15-30 min
MDLive Virtual ConsultationMild to Moderate$82$0-$82Same-day or next-day, 15-30 min
OptimalMD Virtual ConsultationMild to ModerateFree with membershipFree with membershipSame-day or next-day, 15-30 min
Primary Care PhysicianAll levels$171 (average)$15-$25 copay (typical)1-3 days wait, 30-60 min visit

This table provides a quick overview of the various diagnosis options, their appropriate use cases, costs, and efficiency. It's important to choose the option that best fits the severity of your condition, your budget, and your time constraints.

Imaging and Laboratory Tests

When it comes to diagnosing and assessing rotator cuff tendonitis, various imaging and laboratory tests may be recommended by your healthcare provider. The choice of test depends on the severity of your condition and the information needed for proper treatment. Let's explore the common options, their costs, and efficiency.

X-ray

X-rays are often the first imaging test ordered for rotator cuff tendonitis, primarily to rule out other conditions or assess bone spurs.

Providers and Costs:

  1. Hospital Radiology Department:
    • Without insurance: $100 to $1,000, with an average cost of $260-$460
    • With insurance: Typically a copay of $20-$200, depending on your plan
  2. Urgent Care Center:
    • Without insurance: $100 to $325
    • With insurance: Typically a copay of $20-$100, depending on your plan
  3. OptimalMD: Free with OptimalMD membership

Efficiency: X-rays typically take 15-30 minutes to complete, with results usually available on the same day.

Ultrasound

Ultrasound imaging can be useful for visualizing soft tissues, including tendons, and can help diagnose rotator cuff tears or inflammation.

Providers and Costs:

  1. Hospital Radiology Department:
    • Without insurance: $111 to $294, depending on the specific type of ultrasound
    • With insurance: Typically a copay of $30-$100, depending on your plan
  2. Outpatient Imaging Center:
    • Without insurance: $199 to $467, depending on the specific type of ultrasound
    • With insurance: Typically a copay of $30-$100, depending on your plan
  3. OptimalMD: Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Efficiency: Ultrasounds typically take 30-60 minutes to complete, with results usually available on the same day.

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) provides detailed images of soft tissues and is often used to confirm rotator cuff tears or assess the extent of tendon damage.

Providers and Costs:

  1. Hospital Radiology Department:
    • Without insurance: $400 to $12,000, depending on the type of scan and location
    • With insurance: Typically a copay of $50-$500, depending on your plan
  2. Outpatient Imaging Center:
    • Without insurance: $268 to $3,227, depending on the specific location and services required
    • With insurance: Typically a copay of $50-$300, depending on your plan
  3. OptimalMD: Heavily discounted with OptimalMD membership

Efficiency: MRIs typically take 30-60 minutes to complete, with results usually available in 1-3 days.

Summary Table: Diagnostics

ModalitySeverity Level(s)Price Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
X-rayMild to Moderate$100-$1,000$20-$200 copay15-30 mins, same-day results
UltrasoundModerate$200-$500$30-$100 copay30-60 mins, same-day results
MRIModerate to Severe$400-$3,227$50-$500 copay30-60 mins, 1-3 days for results

Note: Prices are estimates and can vary based on location, provider, and specific insurance plans. OptimalMD offers free or heavily discounted options for all these imaging tests with their $47/month family membership.

Prescription Medications

Prescription medications play a crucial role in managing rotator cuff tendonitis, particularly for moderate to severe cases. The two main categories of prescription drugs used for this condition are NSAIDs (Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) and muscle relaxants.

NSAIDs (e.g., Naproxen, Celecoxib)

NSAIDs are commonly prescribed to reduce inflammation and alleviate pain associated with rotator cuff tendonitis. Here are some popular options:

  1. Naproxen (brand name: Naprosyn)
    • Generic Naproxen (500mg Tablet):
      • Without insurance: $69.21 per 60 tablets
      • With SingleCare discount card: $4.52 per 60 tablets
      • With GoodRx coupon: $46.22 per 60 tablets
    • Brand Name (Naprosyn):
      • Without insurance: $452 per 60, 500mg tablets
    • With insurance: Copays typically range from $5 to $20 for generic Naproxen
    • Free with OptimalMD membership
  2. Celecoxib (brand name: Celebrex)
    • Generic Celecoxib (200mg):
      • Without insurance: $1,738.28 for 100 capsules
      • With GoodRx coupon: $10.76 for 30 capsules
      • With SingleCare coupon: $8.81 for 30 capsules
    • With insurance: Copays typically range from $30 to $50 for generic Celecoxib
    • Free with OptimalMD membership

Both Naproxen and Celecoxib provide immediate relief and can be taken as needed or daily, depending on the severity of symptoms and doctor's recommendations.

Muscle Relaxants (e.g., Cyclobenzaprine)

Muscle relaxants can help reduce muscle spasms and tension associated with rotator cuff tendonitis.

Cyclobenzaprine (brand name: Flexeril)

  • Generic Cyclobenzaprine (10mg oral tablet):
    • Without insurance: Around $10 for 3 tablets
  • Generic Cyclobenzaprine (5mg oral tablet):
    • Without insurance: $14.02 for 10 tablets, $19.64 - $23.06 for 30 tablets
  • With GoodRx coupon:
    • As low as $7.20 (67% off average retail price of $21.78)
  • With insurance: Copays typically range from $5 to $20 for generic Cyclobenzaprine
  • Free with OptimalMD membership

Cyclobenzaprine typically provides relief within 1-3 days and is taken as needed, usually for a short duration (2-3 weeks) to avoid dependency.

It's important to note that while OptimalMD offers free access to over 800 generic medications, some newer or brand-name drugs may not be included in their free medication list. However, these medications are often available at heavily discounted prices for OptimalMD members.

When considering prescription medications for rotator cuff tendonitis, always consult with your healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate option based on your specific condition, medical history, and potential drug interactions.

Summary Table: Prescription Medications

MedicationSeverity LevelPrice without InsurancePrice with InsurancePrice with OptimalMDEfficiency
Naproxen (generic)Mild to Severe$4.52 - $69.21 for 60 tablets$5 - $20 copayFreeImmediate relief, daily use
Celecoxib (generic)Moderate to Severe$8.81 - $1,738.28 for 30-100 capsules$30 - $50 copayFreeImmediate relief, daily use
Cyclobenzaprine (generic)Moderate to Severe$7.20 - $175.42 for 3-30 tablets/capsules$5 - $20 copayFreeRelief in 1-3 days, as needed

Note: Prices may vary depending on dosage, quantity, pharmacy, and available discounts. Always consult with a healthcare provider for the most appropriate treatment option.

Over-the-Counter Treatments

Over-the-counter (OTC) treatments are often the first line of defense for mild to moderate cases of rotator cuff tendonitis. These treatments are generally affordable and readily accessible, making them a popular choice for many patients. Let's explore the various OTC options, their costs, and effectiveness.

NSAIDs (e.g., Ibuprofen, Naproxen)

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used to reduce pain and inflammation associated with rotator cuff tendonitis.

Ibuprofen

Ibuprofen is generally affordable, with prices ranging from about $10 to $30 for various forms and quantities. The most cost-effective option appears to be the oral capsules in larger quantities.

  • Oral capsules:
    • 20 units: $10.05 ($0.50 per unit)
    • 40 units: $10.60 ($0.27 per unit)
    • 80 units: $11.70 ($0.15 per unit)
  • Oral tablets (800 mg): Around $11 for a supply of 6 tablets
  • Oral suspension:
    • 15 milliliters: $10.60 ($0.71 per unit)
    • 30 milliliters: $11.70 ($0.39 per unit)
    • Larger quantities: $11.62 to $30.74 depending on the quantity

Naproxen

Naproxen prices can vary significantly based on the form, quantity, and whether you're using insurance or discount programs. Generic versions are substantially cheaper.

  • Oral Tablet (500 mg):
    • 20 tablets: $15.19
    • 60 tablets: $30.48 - $73.67
  • Generic version: As low as $4 for 60 tablets (500 mg)
  • With discount programs:
    • GoodRx: $8.69 - $12.73
    • SingleCare: $4 for 60 tablets (500 mg, generic)

Both Ibuprofen and Naproxen are available from various suppliers, including CVS Pharmacy, Walgreens, Walmart, Rite Aid, and Target.

Topical pain relievers (e.g., Diclofenac gel, menthol rubs)

Diclofenac gel

Prices range from about $7 to $67, depending on the brand and whether you're using discount programs. Generic versions are generally much more affordable.

Menthol rubs

Prices typically range from $5 to $15 for popular brands like Icy Hot or Bengay. These can be found at most pharmacies and supermarkets.

Supportive devices (e.g., slings, compression sleeves)

Shoulder slings

Prices on Amazon range from about $5 to $30, with most options falling in the $10 to $25 range.

  • Basic mesh arm slings: $5.39 - $9.00
  • Adjustable arm slings: $9.99 - $16.99
  • Premium shoulder braces with additional support: $22.99 - $29.99

Compression sleeves

While specific pricing from Walmart was not available, compression sleeves typically range from $10 to $30, depending on the brand and quality.

Supportive devices can be found at various retailers, including Amazon, Walmart, CVS, Walgreens, and sporting goods stores like Dick's Sporting Goods.

Summary Table: OTCs

ModalitySeverity LevelPrice without InsurancePrice with Insurance/DiscountsEfficiency
NSAIDs (Ibuprofen)Mild to Moderate$10 - $30Potentially lower with insuranceImmediate relief, taken as needed
NSAIDs (Naproxen)Mild to Moderate$4 - $70As low as $4 with discountsImmediate relief, taken as needed
Topical Pain RelieversMild to Moderate$5 - $67As low as $7 with discountsRelief within minutes, applied as needed
Supportive DevicesMild to Severe$5 - $30Typically not covered by insuranceImmediate support, worn as needed

This table provides a quick overview of the OTC treatment options, their appropriate use cases, price ranges, and efficiency. Remember that prices may vary depending on location, supplier, and any available discounts or insurance coverage.

Procedures

Procedures for treating rotator cuff tendonitis can range from minimally invasive injections to surgical interventions. The choice of procedure depends on the severity of the condition and the patient's response to conservative treatments. Here are the main procedures used in treating rotator cuff tendonitis, along with their associated costs and efficiency:

Corticosteroid Injections

Corticosteroid injections are often used to reduce inflammation and pain in moderate to severe cases of rotator cuff tendonitis.

  • National Average Cost: $25 to $300
  • Insurance Coverage: With insurance, out-of-pocket costs typically range from $20 to $50
  • Efficiency: Relief can be felt within a few days, and effects can last for weeks to months

Examples of providers and their prices:

  • NYC Health Hospitals (New York City): $100 cash price, $50 with insurance
  • Mayo Clinic (Rochester, MN): $250 cash price, $75 with insurance
  • UCLA Health (Los Angeles, CA): $200 cash price, $60 with insurance

Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is crucial for recovery in most cases of rotator cuff tendonitis, especially moderate to severe cases.

  • National Average Cost: $30 to $400 per session
  • Insurance Coverage: With insurance, out-of-pocket costs typically range from $20 to $60
  • Efficiency: Sessions usually last 30-60 minutes, with multiple sessions required over weeks or months

Examples of providers and their prices:

  • UPMC (Pittsburgh, PA): $150 cash price per session, $40 with insurance
  • Cleveland Clinic (Cleveland, OH): $200 cash price per session, $50 with insurance
  • Mass General Brigham (Boston, MA): $180 cash price per session, $45 with insurance

Arthroscopic Surgery

Arthroscopic surgery is typically reserved for severe cases of rotator cuff tendonitis that haven't responded to conservative treatments.

  • National Average Cost: $18,975 (range: $5,700 to $23,650)
  • Insurance Coverage: With insurance, out-of-pocket costs can vary widely depending on the plan, but typically range from $1,500 to $5,000
  • Efficiency: The procedure itself takes 1-2 hours, but recovery can take several weeks to months

Examples of providers and their prices:

  • Hospital for Special Surgery (New York, NY): $22,000 cash price, $4,500 with insurance
  • Northwestern Medicine (Chicago, IL): $20,000 cash price, $3,800 with insurance
  • Cedars-Sinai (Los Angeles, CA): $23,000 cash price, $5,000 with insurance

It's important to note that these prices are estimates and can vary based on factors such as the specific procedure, the patient's condition, and geographical location. Patients should always consult with their healthcare provider and insurance company for the most accurate cost information.

Summary Table: Procedures

ModalitySeverity LevelPrice Without InsurancePrice With InsuranceEfficiency
Corticosteroid InjectionModerate to Severe$25 - $300$20 - $50Relief within days, lasts weeks to months
Physical TherapyMild to Severe$30 - $400 per session$20 - $60 per sessionMultiple sessions over weeks to months
Arthroscopic SurgerySevere$5,700 - $23,650$1,500 - $5,0001-2 hours procedure, weeks to months recovery

This table provides a quick overview of the procedures, their appropriate usage based on severity, price ranges with and without insurance, and their general efficiency. It's important to consult with a healthcare provider to determine the most appropriate treatment plan based on individual circumstances.

Optimizing for Cost

When seeking cost-effective treatment for rotator cuff tendonitis, consider the following strategies for each severity level:

Mild Tendonitis

  1. Self-diagnosis using reputable online resources
  2. Implement RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation) method at home
  3. Use generic over-the-counter NSAIDs for pain relief
  4. Perform gentle stretches and exercises found on free, reliable websites

Moderate Tendonitis

  1. Opt for a virtual doctor consultation instead of an in-person visit
  2. If imaging is necessary, choose an X-ray over more expensive options like MRI
  3. Request generic prescription medications when available
  4. Explore community or low-cost physical therapy options
  5. Consider at-home exercise programs guided by physical therapy videos

Severe Tendonitis

  1. Schedule an in-person visit with a primary care physician before seeing a specialist
  2. Compare costs of imaging centers in your area for the best MRI prices
  3. Inquire about outpatient corticosteroid injections instead of hospital-based procedures
  4. Explore payment plans or financial assistance programs for necessary treatments
  5. If surgery is recommended, research minimally invasive options that may have shorter recovery times and lower overall costs

General Cost-Saving Tips

  • Check with your insurance provider about coverage and in-network providers
  • Look for discount programs or coupons for prescription medications
  • Consider telehealth options for follow-up appointments when appropriate
  • Invest in preventive measures (e.g., ergonomic workplace setup, proper exercise techniques) to avoid future flare-ups and associated costs

By focusing on these cost-optimizing strategies, patients can manage their rotator cuff tendonitis effectively while minimizing financial burden. Remember that while cost is important, it should not compromise the quality of care or the potential for recovery.

Optimizing for Efficiency

When time is of the essence, patients with rotator cuff tendonitis may prioritize quick diagnosis and treatment. Here are strategies for optimizing efficiency at each severity level:

Mild Tendonitis

  • Utilize telemedicine for rapid diagnosis (same-day appointments)
  • Start with OTC pain relievers and at-home exercises immediately
  • Use virtual physical therapy sessions to learn proper techniques quickly

Moderate Tendonitis

  • Schedule an in-person doctor visit with a sports medicine specialist for faster, more targeted care
  • Opt for same-day imaging (X-ray or ultrasound) when possible
  • Begin a combination of prescription NSAIDs and physical therapy promptly

Severe Tendonitis

  • Seek immediate care from an orthopedic specialist
  • Push for expedited MRI scheduling (some facilities offer same-day or next-day appointments)
  • Consider early corticosteroid injection for rapid pain relief
  • If surgery is necessary, choose an experienced surgeon with shorter wait times

General efficiency tips:

  • Prepare a detailed symptom history before appointments to streamline the diagnosis process
  • Choose healthcare providers and facilities known for quick turnaround times on test results
  • Opt for electronic prescriptions and use pharmacy apps for faster medication access
  • Engage in telehealth follow-ups when possible to avoid time-consuming office visits

By focusing on efficiency, patients can minimize pain duration and potentially prevent the condition from worsening due to delays in treatment. However, it's important to balance speed with thorough care to ensure the best long-term outcomes.

Balancing Cost and Efficiency

When treating rotator cuff tendonitis, finding the right balance between cost and efficiency is crucial for optimal care. Here's a breakdown of balanced approaches for each severity level:

Mild Tendonitis

  1. Diagnosis:
    • Option: Virtual doctor consultation
    • Rationale: Provides professional guidance without the cost and time of an in-person visit
  2. Imaging/Labs:
    • Option: None initially
    • Rationale: Often unnecessary for mild cases, saving both time and money
  3. Treatment:
    • Option: Combination of rest, OTC NSAIDs, and at-home exercises
    • Rationale: Cost-effective and allows for quick start of treatment

Moderate Tendonitis

  1. Diagnosis:
    • Option: In-person doctor visit
    • Rationale: Allows for thorough examination, justifying the higher cost and time investment
  2. Imaging/Labs:
    • Option: X-ray, with ultrasound if necessary
    • Rationale: Provides adequate information without the high cost of an MRI
  3. Treatment:
    • Option: Prescription NSAIDs, physical therapy (limited sessions), and at-home exercise program
    • Rationale: Balances professional care with self-management to control costs

Severe Tendonitis

  1. Diagnosis:
    • Option: In-person doctor visit with possible specialist referral
    • Rationale: Ensures comprehensive evaluation, justifying higher costs
  2. Imaging/Labs:
    • Option: MRI
    • Rationale: Provides detailed information necessary for severe cases, worth the higher cost
  3. Treatment:
    • Option: Corticosteroid injection, intensive physical therapy, and reassessment for possible surgery
    • Rationale: Aggressive treatment may prevent need for surgery, potentially saving costs long-term

By tailoring the approach to each severity level, patients can receive appropriate care while managing both costs and time effectively. It's important to note that individual cases may vary, and patients should always consult with their healthcare provider to determine the best course of action for their specific situation.

Conclusion

Rotator cuff tendonitis treatment costs can vary significantly depending on the severity of the condition and the chosen treatment approach. This article has provided a comprehensive overview of the various options available for diagnosis, imaging, medications, and procedures, along with their associated costs and time frames.

Key takeaways include:

  1. The importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent progression to more severe forms of tendonitis
  2. The range of treatment options available, from self-care and over-the-counter remedies to prescription medications and surgical interventions
  3. The potential for significant cost savings through careful selection of generic medications and conservative treatment approaches
  4. The value of balancing cost considerations with the need for timely and effective treatment

Ultimately, the most appropriate treatment plan will depend on the individual patient's circumstances, including the severity of their condition, their overall health, and their financial situation. By understanding the various options available and their associated costs, patients can work collaboratively with their healthcare providers to develop a treatment plan that best addresses their rotator cuff tendonitis while remaining mindful of both cost and efficiency.

Remember that investing in proper treatment early on can potentially save both time and money in the long run by preventing the condition from worsening and requiring more intensive interventions. Always consult with a healthcare professional for personalized advice on managing rotator cuff tendonitis and making informed decisions about your treatment options.

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Jeff brings to Buoy over 20 years of clinical experience as a physician assistant in urgent care and internal medicine. He also has extensive experience in healthcare administration, most recently as developer and director of an urgent care center. While completing his doctorate in Health Sciences at A.T. Still University, Jeff studied population health, healthcare systems, and evidence-based medi...
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